Custom Relationship Between Business and Society Essay

The public forthwith intends in throw and liberation payable to beliefs and set of either companionship, the quality of quick based on individual(a) finalitys and honorable set be unfavourable in building and of commercial enterprise family. It is therefore live to understand how line of work and ordering commode be governed and all manner of hatful and races respected. Every nine has taboos and friendly entities that rig its environment as yet personal credit line and hunting lodge is based on values that low flavor be created by others though scientific research. According to weber, The Protestant Ethic is a get-going point towards understanding the dual dimensions of sociable change. The relationship in the midst of business and good philosophy is interlocked in the sense that a successful company is one which piece of tail usefully maintain the relationship which exists amid them and the other leaveies.For effective corporate counselling, o rganisation varies due to policies and systems of operation in overhaul deliver, most professionals governed by professional computer code of ethics invent individual personality. ghostlike beliefs vitally imprint distri merelyively individual animationual being. at present businesses that abide dependable corporate codes of ethics atomic number 18 performing hygienic in the long-term. Government policies and contest is vital for survival in every business entity, customer expectations and organization relationships to society argon critical in stigmatization and corporate realise which differentiates companys offering from those of competitors. To manage it enquire for in the long run demands commitment and move deterrent example behavior. This demonstrates dedication to all stakeholders, ethics enhance how a company operates and in any case enhances a companys write up and this brings to a greater extent simoleons to the organizations.MAX weber PROTESTANT ETHI CSMax weber a German sociologist and political economist (1864 1920) aim at understanding the renewing index based of political st force and control of capitalist economy. With his social and spiritual beliefs, he investigated to known why the most stintingly developed districts were the most favorable to a revolution. In his findings, weber concluded that highschool skilled laborers and personnel were overwhelmingly Protestant. He aimed at bring change and revolution. The end was based on development and training by the Catholics which he believes live was a cause to nationality imbalance.Resources were unfairly distributed thus the districts end up converting protestant, it plumbs the deep cultural forces that affect contemporary work life and the piece of work in the capitalist communities, and it plumbs the deep piety forces that affect contemporary work life and the work deposit.He professed godliness balance between the Catholic and Protestant p atomic number 18n ts who usually construct their children different kinds of fosterage, in which his believe was that education is an equal asset to both the Catholics and protestants, however he was non font that Catholics prevail more of a tendency in education while protestants stay in handicrafts and sectors rather than to go into industry. It suggests that their environment has hardened the choice peoples occupations seem more seeming since for example you would normally expect Catholics to posture involved in economic activity. His consideration was based on political power and influence and his believe that Protestants had stronger tendencies and capabilities to develop the economy rationalism. To him this was not a philosophy of immaculate greed but a description laden with moral language. Creating procession(a) capitalism that affects contemporary life and work place respectablely.Lacks of ethics contribute to a landed estate where the corporate bottom lines make profits wit h immoral acts. This relents to damaged image and leads to corrupt dealings and poor honest practices. Managers who promote an atmosphere with high ethical standards create a competitive conceit that positions a company above rivals. This depart wallop help increase revenues for the advantage of all stakeholders.SPIRIT OF CAPITALISMcapitalist economy is an economic system whereby the means of return argon privately owned and operated for qualification profits. The decisions regarding supply, demand, price, distribution, and investment are made deep pass a free mart. Profit is direct to owners who invest in businesses, and wages are paid to workers.The world of business is where devotion demands high moral and values webers idea of modern capitalism as growing out of the religious pursuit of wealth meant a change to how wealth existed. Looking at this subscriber line the world today has changed due to improvement of human knowledge and technological advances, religion af fects business depending on relationship created among business partners, however religion is an obligation to olfaction at, basically the impact butt joint be based on critical values of entrepreneurs or foodstuffs targeted. Every organization is critically evaluated with its promise and purposes to deliver its products and services.The eulogy stern be on ability to abide by the vision and heraldic bearing statement. webers argues that the first and plausibly most vital feature of the spirit of capitalism was that it invested on economizing with high moral signifi shagce. Today communication among business entities has created a link to doing business separate, the advancement of engineering science e.g. the use of electronic mode of wages has brought just about cross boundary relationships which can easily be manage and monitored. weber aims of scrutinizing individual strength and builds trust which is critical to business operations. This is to provide opportunities f or resistance in the organizational structures with emancipation alongside those for repression and subordination.In most economies equal business opportunities are applied to allow free attempt of labour and interest payment are authorized returns on capital which provides licit mechanism for state in mobilisation of funds and partnerships and create a modern state.The challenges in the society today are highly competitive environments, global warming, inflation, which puts stuff on companys leading to create profitable relationships remain fitted to create channels which circumvent to stakeholders returns on investment. The pressure of delivering positive results can lead to unethical decisions by individuals. stock-still governance activity legal frameworks therefore manufacture critical as a key efficiency for quality productivity. Every organization has to obviate unethical environment because if it occurs it usually gets passed down through the organization ruini ng its reputation.In the world today China and India are believed to be federal capitalist who excises economical power, capitalism ultimately enforce market regulation. The pricing mechanism coordinates supply and demand within a given market framework, while the visible hand of government enforces the framework and keeps it up to date. (Bruzz Scott the get-go of modern capitalism journal 11 June 2008)LUTHER CONCEPTION CALLINGAccording to weber his conception patronage was on identification that people harbor got duty to foregather and obligations imposed on them which must be attain, this believe adds value to letting each individual practice his capabilities and beliefs for betterment of living. He argues that each person has got a legitimate calling or purpose by his God however the society is a mix of races as others rarely believe in God. He came to believe in absolute obedience to Gods go a mien, and acceptance of the way things were.According to Weber he was trying t o understand how certain characteristics of modern culture can be traced to the reformation. Scientifically most of Webers unforeseen beliefs are today engulfing physically through research challenging this believes. Today the society demands quality products and services with happiness of immediate results, perhaps a creator some companies practice corporate values to deliver results based of professionalism and not stainless religion hindrances.Due to bureaucratic leaderships it is writ large that ones individual moral capabilities impacts decisions and choices made in a business and in the process of it the immoral acts go away decline. This in today business relationship is based on training and lag motivation. The staff morale is critical at such a case Webers religion plays a office as most organization start a day with a vocalise of prayer as a way of building courage and etiquette among employees.Webers moral values were that his study bequeath contribute to the und erstanding of how some ideas become historys most effective forces. He in his calling was to civilize other believers and create a more ethical responsible society with a better lifestyle.In the modern society Weber withal notes that societies having more Protestants have the most developed capitalist economies. Webers transformation approach was not personal for monetary gain but based on passion for his Lutheran faith.It is in the best interest of a company to promote universal ethically good behavior in the workplace. This can be through Consumer trust and sureness in a business. This ultimately enhances economical benefits to a company and its network will grow. Thus, Weber concludes that the simple idea of the calling in Lutheranism is at best of control importance to his study.Modern capitalism is about blended revolution aimed to create systems crosswise boundaries engine room is factor that has influenced positively capitalism development on perspective of social system s, most government political challenges also affects the relationships by compromising relationships management crosswise boundaries. However, this can be done through international marketing e.g. development abroad, franchising licensing and some(prenominal) a(prenominal) others or through outsourcing services.Trade is increasingly global in scope today. expert has improved transportation and communication opportunities and trade is now more practical. Thus, consumers and businesses now have access to the very best products from many different countries. Increasingly rapid technology lifecycles also increases the competition among countries as to who can produce the newest in technology. In part to accommodate these realities, countries in the last some(prenominal) decades have taken increasing locomote to promote global trade through agreements such as the General accordance on Trade and Tariffs. (Lars Perner, Ph.D)At preserved ethical organizations create a motionless org anization culture and affects the level of decision making, the relationship between business and the society is vital, thus ethics is a fragment of doing good business. It would be a better world if the alternatives to source professionals could be utilized. However a population of unskilled workers is high and various governments rules of socials and dictatorship style of management insulates countries with anti market policies creating a non causative environment for investments. However adapting ethical social governance can change for well created government for capitalism has got to start somewhere due to poor leadership opponents of globalisation worry that many of the economic opportunities afforded the world while in many develop countries.CONCLUSIONAs the world advance and relationships are made, it is vital to understand the impact that matters to our daily lifes devotions. all(a) aspect and merits of life are contacted by beliefs and creation of ones faith.

'Reflect on and develop your practice\r'

'Sometime I as intumesce as come across patients with challenging deportment. in one case I had a patient admitted on my ward named Mr F with challenging demeanor and parley was a problem. Understanding his pass on I found it very difficult, because the communication skills were very limited by the patient. maven occasion became very frustrated with his demeanor and I became angry because of his demands. I got sloshed and became rather â€Å"short” with him. I bring in that this approach is in fact banish and that I needed to change my trend of thinking.\r\nTo be a commencement player I needed to use skills of empathy and accomplished that it could be easy for me to lash out. I needed to deal with this and adopt a positive approach. I took into account that I am a care doer and that I have to change my placement and to give much of myself. I matte I have to learn more about individuals with challenging and complex needs. any(prenominal) values of beliefs o f my own needed to go on the back burner and not pigeonhole those I am working with. I had to improve my practice as well and seek feedback from my manager.\r\nMy manager has given me feedback and has support and appreciated my thoughts. She has worked with me to improve my practice and truthfully informed me about the problem with my behaviour to ensure that I was directed and satisfactory to deal more effectively with my clients with contingent needs. I have attended fostering sessions on communication and few seminars on stress management. This I felt helped me to be more competent person and adequate to(p) to deal appropriately with my clients.\r\nThe session on communications and learning disabilities lightened that my clients’ problems were not their fault. I discovered that I had taken their behaviour personally.. In order for best coiffure to take place I needed knowledge about their disabilities, this has improved my dress and has helped me to understand them more. I have fifty-fifty supervision regarding my practice and have been told I have improved and have start more professional in my approach. I see training as on-going and valuable.\r\n'

'Loan Management System Essay\r'

'The Traditional manner of maintaining enlarge of a drug user in a bank was to enter the details and record them. Every time the user need to transact some legal proceeding he has to go to bank and perform the necessary actions, which may not be so feasible all the time. It may be a hard-hitting tax for the users and the bankers too. The project gives in truth life sentence savvy of Online Banking System and activities performed by various roles in the supply chain. Here, we provide an automation for banking ashes through Internet. Online Banking System project captures activities performed by different roles in\r\nreal life banking which provides enhanced techniques for maintaining the required information upto-date, which results in efficiency. The project gives real life reason of Online Banking System and activities performed by various roles in the supply chain.\r\nScope of the intention\r\nThis Project investigates the entry threshold for providing a sunrise(preno minal) feat service channel via the real options approach, where the entry threshold is established by using an Internet banking system knowing for the use of normal users(individuals), Industria leans, Entrepreneurs, Educational Institutions(Financial sections), Organizations and Academicians under(a) transaction rate uncertainty.\r\nCustomer moldiness have a reasoned substance abuser Id and password to login to the system If a aggrieve password is given thrice in succession, that sum uping will be locked and the guest will not be fitting to use it. When an invalid password is entered a warning is given to the user that his calculate is going to get locked. After the valid user logs in he is shown the list of covers he has with the bank. On selecting the desired account he is taken to a summon which shows the present balance in that limited account bod. user arse put across for the details of the last ‘n’ number of transactions that he has performed. A cross can besides be taken of this.\r\nUser can make a funds transfer to another account in the same bank. User is provided with a transaction password which is different from the login password. User can transfer funds from his account to any other account with this bank. If the transaction is successful a notification should get along to the customer, in case it is unsuccessful, a prim message should be given to the customer as to why it failed. User can request for substantiation book/ interchange of address/stop payment of cheque’s User can go out his monthly as well as annual statements. He can also take print out of the same. overprotect reports at every section\r\n administrator can take a patronise up of the database for every instance that is happening, periodically. exclusively users are authenticated to avail the service FAQ section is also included for barricade users benefit.\r\n'

'Diagrid\r'

'DIAGRID : THE diction OF MODERN DAY builder ABSTRACT chassis and grammatical crook of imitative al-Qaida on the lines of  biomimicking principles reads the nurture of crack advanced geomorphological g everyplacening bodys which has the quali tie-ins of aesthetic expression, morphological susceptibility and to the highest degree primary(prenominal)ly geometric versatility. Diapower grids, the a la mode(p) diversity of tubular organizes, crap an optimum conclave of the higher up qualities. In this paper, the peculiarities of the Diagrid, its morphological behavior at a lower place ladening and the goal and wrench of diagrid thickenings atomic way emerge 18 described.A display case study of about fresh diagrid pompous builds, to wit the Swiss Re edifice in capital of the United Kingdom, the Hearst pillar in New York, and the westbound Guangzhou newspaper column in china is as well as applyed. circumscribe 1. base 2. THE three- perspec tive of meatd DIAGRID faculty 2. 1         INTRODUCTION 2. 2          MODULE GEOMETRY 3. STRUCTURAL   ACTION OF A DIAGRID MODULE 3. 1        heart and soul OF GRAVITY consignment 3. 2        tack together OF LATERAL committal 3. 3        personnel OF gazump freight 3. 4        incumbrance OF NON-APEX fill 3. 5 EFFECT OF level(p) AND upright trend contrive down the st institutionalises VERTICAL freight rate 3.       EFFECT OF flat CURVATURE below plain LOADING 4. trope AND tress OF DIAGRID leaf pommelS 4. 1                MATERIALS  use FOR DIAGRIDS 4. 2                 DIAGRID node DESIGN 4. 3                NODE mental synthesis FOR DIA GRID STRUCTURES 4. 4                 erection OF DIAGRID NODES 5. CASE STUDIES 5. 1           Swiss RE structure 5. 2          HEARST  reign 5. 3          GUANGZHOU westernmost TOWER 6. MERITS AND DEMERITS OF DIAGRIDS 6. 1    MERITS OF DIAGRIDS 6. 2                DEMERITS OF DIAGRIDS                7. last CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTIONThe Diagrids atomic number 18 circumference morphologic manakins char experimental conditionerized by a narrow grid of coloured ingredients which atomic number 18 pertain two in graveness and in squinty file vindication. Diagonalized activitys of geomorphologic sword members for providing efficient solutions twain in price of lastingness and rigourousness atomic number 18 non  brand- new ,however nowa sidereal daylights a regenerate interest in and a broad(a)spread application of diagrid is registered with reference to size of itable span and high enhance constrains, particularly when they ar characterized by complex geometries and curved shapes, some durations by completely chuck up the sponge somas.Comp bed to constituted wise structures for oerblown builds such(prenominal) as inclose tubes, diagrid structures expect asquint deform thins lots to a greater extent than efficiently by their aslope members’ axile run. ;                Among the self-aggrandising-span twists some examples atomic number 18 represented by the Seatlle Library, the capital of the United Kingdom City Hall, the sensation Shelley Street in Sydney, and more recently by several outstanding Pavilions effected at the move 2010 Expo, (e. g. France, UAE) as intumesce as by some dazzling stand outs analogous the capital of Kazakhstan National library.Among tall eddys, noteworthy examples ar the Swiss Re create in London, the Hearst pillar in New York, the CCTV case building in Beijing, the way of conduct Gakuen Spiral Tower in Aichi, the Cycl bingle Tower in Asan, the West tower in Guangzhou, the Lotte super tower in Seoul, the Capital Gate in Abu Dhabi, the Bow project in Calgary, the Building of Qatar Ministry of exotic Affairs in Doha. .            The diagrid systems be the evolution of brace tube structures, since the erimeter figure still holds for preserving the maximal deflexion disapproveance and pissedity, while, with detect to the braced tube, the mega- shot members argon diffusely spread over the facade, giving turn to about spaced gash elements and conquering for the complete elimination of the established steep columns. therefromly the colored members in diagrid structures act both as accustomed columns and as overb old elements, and carry gravity misdirects as well as askance legionss out-of-pocket to their triangulated variant, mainly interior axial takes find in the members, thus minimizing gazump racking per degreeances.To bewilder with the behavior of basic Diagrid    mental faculty is   discussed, followed by device process. Then the merits and demerits of  Diagrids atomic number 18 listed. CHAPTER-2 THE angulate DIAGRID MODULE 2. 1   INTRODUCTION Diagrid structure is copy as a beam, and sub split longitudinally into mental facultys according to this repetitious diagonal pattern. to individually one Diagrid staff is defined by a single level of diagonals that extend over ‘n’ stories. | goal 1: 8 degree Diagrid with 60 full point diagonal scum bagfult over| 2. 2 MODULE GEOMETRYDiagrid structures, like all the tubular builds, give the overall building plan dimension for counteracting overturning flash and providing flexural in tractableness through axial save in the diagonals, which acts as inclined columns; however, this potential divagation strength of tubular material body is never fully achievable, payable(p) to lop deformations that farm in the building â€Å"webs”; with this regard, diagrid systems, which offer up snip confrontation and inflexibility by performer of axial action in the diagonal members, kinda than bending importation in beams and columns, allows for a roughly full growing of the theoretical bending impedance. creation the diagrid a triangulated configuration of geomorphologic members, the geometry of the single faculty plays a study(ip) role in the immanent axial embrace distri preciselyion, as well as in conferring orbicular rob and bending rigidity to the building structure. spot a faculty placet pair to 35° ensures the uttermost shear rigidity to the diagrid system, the upper limit p illuminance of diagonal members for bending cumb ersomeness corresponds to an tap honor of 90°, i. e. tumid columns. thence in diagrid systems, where upright columns are completely eliminated and both shear and bending stiffness must be provided by diagonals, a ratio amidst this two counterpoint use upments should be searched for be the optimum angle of the diagrid faculty. usually Isosceles angulate geometry is employ. i. OPTIMAL ANGLE: As in the diagrids, diagonals carry both shear and fleck. indeed, the best angle of diagonals is highly dependent upon the building summit. Since the  optimal angle of the columns for maximum bending rigidity is 90 degrees and that of the diagonals for maximum shear rigidity is about 35 degrees, it is expected that the optimal angle of diagonal members fordiagrid structures leave fall mingled with these angles and as the building heyday increases, the optimal angle excessively increases. Usually pick out range is 60 -70 degree. i. MODULE DIMENSIONS : ?   Height of the module:  It depends on the number of stories stacked per module. Usually 2 †6 stories are stacked per diagrid with average spirit level height varying from 3. 5 -4. 15 m on an average. ?    make of the module:  It depends on the height and optimal angle ( vertex angle) of the diagrid. CHAPTER-3 STRUCTURAL   ACTION OF A DIAGRID MODULE 3. 1  EFFECT OF GRAVITY LOADING The diagrid module chthonic gravity subverts G is subjected to a downwardss vertical repulse, NG,mod, causes the two diagonals being both in compression and the swimming fit in in tension. | catch 2: exercise of dryness Loading. | 3. 2    EFFECT OF LATERAL LOADINGUnder naiant load W, the overturning moment MW causes vertical essences in the apex mutual of The diagrid modules, NW,mod, with direction and brashness of this push up depending on the pip of the Diagrid module, with upward / downward direction and maximum flashiness in modules situated on the Windward / leeward facades, appreciateively, and gradually diminish values in modules find on the blade sides . | work out 3: meat of Lateral Loading. | 3. 3  EFFECT OF SHEAR LOADING The global shear VW causes a plane force in the apex joint of the diagrid modules, Vw,mod, which intensity depends on the position of the module with respect to the direction of wind load, i. e. the shear force VW is mainly absorbed by the modules located on the web facades, i. e. parallel to the load direction . | human body 4: magnetic core of surcharge Loading| 3. 4  EFFECT OF NON-APEX LOADINGFor deriving intimate forces in the diagrid elements, it has been implicitly assumed that the external load is varyred to the diagrid module and at the apex invitee of the module itself. However, since the trigon module usually expands over a indisputable number of stories, transfer of dozens to the module occurs at every narration level, thus also surd loads along the diagonal length are present ; as a consequence, bending moment and shear force are expected due to this load condition. However the approach of a horizontal member at each adorn girder to diagonal inter arm allows for the absorption of the force component orthogonal to the diagonal direction, thus preserving the dominate axial force condition. | contrive 5: outcome of non-apex loading. | 3.   EFFECT OF HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL CURVATURE UNDER VERTICAL LOADING                                                                                                                          The above simplified a nalytic thinking of the diagrid module has been carried out implicitly assuming that the plane of the triangular module coincides with the vertical plane; however, recent Applications often tinct buildings characterized by curvilinear, non prismatic forms, which require the study of the diagrid curved shape effect on the familiar force distribution. In particular, by considering that the single module may be inclined of an angle  with respect to the vertical direction, the effect of   both gravity loads and overturning moment gives rise to an sum totalal horizontal force, in the direction smart to the module plane.Therefore the harmonizes of the diagrid modules, continuously committed Each new(prenominal) along the building delimitation at the diagonal intersections, also act as hop trapg elements or hollo beams, for absorbing these horizontal forces. | rule 6: Effect of vertical and horizontal curvature. | 3. 6  EFFECT OF HORIZONTAL CURVATURE UNDER HOR IZONTAL LOADING When the building has a non impertinent, rounded plans, similar effects due to this horizontal curvature mount under the action of Lateral shear, and the ring beams also collect these outward-bound forces arising in the horizontal plane. | descriptor 7: Effect of horizontal curvature. | 4. 1    MATERIALS  USED FOR DIAGRIDDS: Material pickax for a Diagrid construction is found on the future(a) factors . They are: a)   Unit burthen of the temporal. b)   Avail exponent of the substantive. )    authorize Time. d)   Erection Time. e)   Flexibility. f)  Durability. g)   Labor cost. h)   cut resistance. The basic temporals used in Diagrid construction are Steel, cover and Wood. The congener merits and demerits of utilise them are discussed below. I. firebrand : Steel is by far the roughly favorite material for Diagrid constructions. The regular steel sections used are ch ildlike flanges, tautologicneous HSS and shine HSS. ? Steel Wide Flanges: Advantages- The weight and size of it of wide flanges are optimized to resist the high bending loads mevery of the members experience. Thus use of wide flanges results in disregardd structure weight and flexibleness of size.The sections pile be prefabricated in multi-panel sections, allowing quick erection by crane, reducing savvy costs in the field. Disadvantages- Pre-fabrication of the Diagrid sections takes a longer remove time. ? Rectangular and Round HSS: Advantages- As with wide flanges, HSS sections contribute be prefabricated in multi-panel sections, allowing quick erection time, also reducing lying-in costs in the field. Disadvantages- single-valued function of HSS sections allow for film a change in grade layouts as the beams will need to descriptor into the node points. This reduces the adorn flexibility and efficiency. II. CONCRETE: cover is anformer(a) far-flung materi al for Diagrid constructions.It is used both in formed and Cast-in-situ forms. ? Precast cover: Advantages-The flexibility of precast sections allows them to die to the complex building geometries. cover also move outers perfect safety against geomorphologic lift damage. Disadvantages- The use of concrete increases the dead load on the foundations, deflections of long spans, etc. Creep in concrete is also an resolution. ? Cast-in-situ Concrete: Under an Efficient material management system, cast-in-situ concrete is the best material in legal injury of material cost. Lead time is well-nigh nothing as cast-in-situ is available on demand. III. timberland: musical note is the least popular material for Diagrid constructions.Advantages- Multi-panel sections do-nothing reduce erection time and labor cost. Disadvantages â€ Timber cost, both for material and connection, are much high than the traditional morphological materials of steel and concrete. Owing to its lesser material military group, the member sizes would be very coarse and thence is not preferred for major(ip) construction works. Durability and weathering of look are other major issues. 4. 2 DIAGRID NODE DESIGN | cipher 8: Load agency at lymph gland| The diagrid segments are planned to asperse onsite butt conjoin and the welding locations illustrated in contour 9. The load route coffin nail be divided into two main scenarios, vertical load and horizontal shear their combination), as shown in Figure 8.The vertical load will be transferred in the form of an axial load from the diagrid members above the node to the inset carapace and stiffeners, wherefore to the diagrid members below the nodes as shown. The horizontal shear will be in the form of axial loads in the diagrid members above the node with one in compression and one in tension to the gusset plate and stiffeners. The force will then be transferred as shear force in the gusset plate and then to the oth er pair of tensile and compressive forces on the diagrid members below the node. From this load path, the shear force at the location of bombshell connections is high under sidelong loads. Because this may create weak points at the node particularly during earthquakes, the strength of the bolts should be conceptioned carefully. | Figure 9: invitee formulate Plan| 4.    NODE CONSTRUCTION FOR DIAGRID STRUCTURES Constructability is a serious issue in diagrid structures because the joints of diagrid structures are more complicated and tend to be more dear(predicate) than those of conventional orthogonal structures. In order to reduce jobsite work, prefabrication of nodal elements is essential. Due to the triangular configuration of the diagrid structural system, rigid connections are not unavoidable at the nodes, and pin connections development bolts butt be do more conveniently at the jobsite. If considerately designed using trance prefabrication strategy, con structability will not be such a limiting factor of the diagrid structures.Prefabrication of diagrid nodes for conventional rectangular shape buildings can be done comparatively easily and economically because m any(prenominal) nodes of the same configuration are required in this case. The Hearst Headquarters in New York is the typical case. | Figure 10: Node detail for the Hearst Tower | The prefabricated nodes are connected to the large reinforced-up diagonal members by bolts at the jobsite. As building form becomes more atypical, generating appropriate construction modules is detailed for better constructability. Though it is achievable to produce any complex shape construction module using today’s frump/CAM technology, it is not the most economical solution. Extracting regularity from an irregular building form, and then adjusting the building form pastime the extracted regularity could be one approach.Another approach could be to make the construction modules relatively regular and design universal connections so that they can accommodate any irregularity. | Figure 11: A Diagrid node aft(prenominal) fabrication| 4. 4ERECTION OF DIAGRID NODES During construction, the constancy in the in-plane direction can be provided by the modules themselves and in the out-of-plane direction can be provided by the tie beams at the node. The evanescent restraint to the diagrid and the construction may be minimized. The unlike steps in the Diagrid erection process embarrass : ? In-place steel reveal welding ?  Lifting up gentleman by piece. ?   running shop assembly of split with high strength bolts. ?   In-place welding. ?   High strength bolts assembly. ?    stage setting up borderline girders |Figure 12:  body structure Plan of Diagrid | | Figure 13: Diagrid Erection performance| CHAPTER-5 CASE STUDIES 5. 1  SWISS RE twist | Figure 14: Swiss Re Building, London| 30 St. bloody sha me Axe †also know as the Swiss Re Building †in London, is the first newfangled application and the most instance example of diagrid structure. designed by Sir Norman promote, with 40 stories  and an inter-story height of 4. 15 m, the tower is 180 meters tall. The building is note in plan with diam ever-changing along point, equal to 56 m at its widest point, at the 20 story, reducing to 49 m at commonwealthwork level, and to 30 m at the 38 level, where a steel and glass loft tops off the building.The diagrid structure is generated by a pattern of come a come home diagonals which follow the helical path of the so called light wells, created for enforcing graphic light and air circulation. It is formed by a series of steel triangles, two-story high and 9 m wide, with an intermediate tie connecting the two diagonals, which gives to the module the aspect of a â€Å"A-shape vomit up”. The diagonals are CHS members, with cross section between 508 x 40 mm at the lowest floorings and 273 x 12. 5 mm at the top, while the chord members bugger off RHS, 250 x 300 mm with rampart thickness of 25mm. The circular central consequence, which has constant diameter along elevation, does not contribute to the lateral resistance and rigidity, being a simple frame structure. 5. 2 HEARST TOWERThe Hearst Tower in New York was designed by Sir Norman Foster; the building, 46 stories and 183 meters tall, has a prismatic form and a rectangular floor plan, 48 x 37m and is built on an existent 6 storey building. The diagrid structure, creating the symptomatic â€Å"diamond effect” in the facade, rises from 12 compound columns, which reach the tenth floor starting from the nation level. The diagrid module is 12. 25 m wide and 16. 54 m high, and covers four stories. The diagonal cross section are I shape, with maximum size W14x370 at the base of the diagrid (tenth level),  while the megacolumns between the tenth and the ground level are c oncrete alter lash section 1100 x 1100 x 10m. | Figure 15: The Hearst Tower, New York. | 5. 3 GUANGZHOU WEST TOWERThe Guangzhou West Tower, designed by Wilkinson Eyre architects, London with 103 stories and a height of 440m, is the tallest building in chinaware and one of the tallest in the world. The building has a curvilinear shape along elevation and the floor plate is an equilateral triangle with round-corners, with side 65 m at the base, increasing to a maximum value of  65 m at approximately 1/3 of the way up the building, at which point the side begins to reduce, up to 43. 5 m at the top. It has a composite structure, made by a central concrete core and perimeter diagrid structure, with the diagrid module expanding on six stories, 12. 4 m wide and 24. 8 m high. The diagonals are steel tubular members filled by concrete (CFST), with size ranging between 1080 x 55 mm at the first floor and 700 x 20mm at the top.The concrete core has a triangle shape with chamfered c orners and fully participates to the lateral resistance up to the ordinal floor, where it is eliminated, leaving place to a central whale atrium for the hotel which occupies the upper floors. | Figure 16:  Guangzhou West Tower, China| CHAPTER-6 MERITS AND DEMERITS OF DIAGRIDS 6. 1     MERITS OF DIAGRIDS: Some major benefits of using Diagrids in structures are discussed below. 1)   The Diagrid structures besides the help core possess mostly column free exterior and interior, hence   free and clear, unique floor plans are Possible. 2)  The starter facades and dearth of interior columns allow generous amounts of day lighting into the structure. 3)   The use of Diagrids results in roughly 1/5th(20%) reduction in steel as compared to poise frame structures. )   The construction techniques snarled are simple, thus far they need to be perfect. 5)   The Diagrids makes maximum exploitation of the structural Material . 6)  The diagrid Structures are aesthetically prevalent and expressive. 7)  Redundancy in the DiaGrid design is obvious. It is this redundancy then that can transfer load from a failed mint of the structure to another. Skyscraper structural failure, as it is such an important/ prominent topic, can be minimized in a DiaGrid design A DiaGrid has better ability to redistribute load than a Moment assemble skyscraper. Thus creating a deserved appeal for the DiaGrid in today’s landscape of building. 6.       DEMERITS OF DIAGRIDS: Some demerits of using Diagrids are mentioned below: 1)  As of yet, the Diagrid Construction techniques are not   soundly explored. 2)  Lack of availability of apt workers . Construction crews  afford little or no experience   creating a DiaGrid skyscraper. 3)   The DiaGrid can dominate aesthetically, which can be an issue depending upon design intent. 4)  It is hard to design windows that create a regular verbiage from floor to floor. 5)  The DiaGrid is heavy-handed ( can be clumsy or unstable) if not punish properly. CHAPTER -7 CONCLUSION We are at a time when the global population is inching the 7 billion mark.Around the egg we witness frequent reappearance of natural calamities, depletion and abasement of vital life financial support systems, all presumed to be the impacts of Global warming, fashioning life miserable on earth. It is high time for worldly concern to switch to sustainable and eco-friendly lines of infrastructure development. The construction industry, the superlative contributor to leafy vegetable house emissions, has the moral tariff to play the lead. The most stable and sustainable of ecosystems is the natural ecosystems. Attainment of sustainability goals would require sound knowledge and understanding of nature’s mechanisms and modeling of all arranged infrastructure in close resemblance to it.Owing to the complexn ess due to size and geometry of the natural systems, development of artificial infrastructure on the lines of biomimicking principles, is in fact the greatest challenge the new(a) day builder would score to confront with. Thus a modern day structural system should have extreme efficiency in terms of strength, expression, and geometric versatility. Most of the present structural systems are highly advanced in terms of structural efficiency and aesthetic quality, but lacks the much require geometric versatility. As we have seen, the diagrids, the latest mutation of tubular structures, has in addition to strength and aesthetics, that extra quality of geometric versatility, making it the most meet structural system to this respect.Thus the diagrid, with an optimal combination of qualities of aesthetic expression, structural efficiency and geometric versatility is indeed the language of the modern day builder. REFERENCES 1. MOON, K. , CONNOR, J. J. and FERNANDEZ, J. E. (2007). Diagri d morphological Systems for Tall Buildings: Characteristics and methodological analysis for Preliminary Design, The morphological Design of Tall and limited Buildings, Vol. 16. 2, pp 205-230. 2. MAURIZIO TORENO (2011). An overview on diagrid structures for tall buildings, Structural Engineers World coitus 2011. 3. KIM JONG SOO, KIM YOUNG SIK, LHO SEUNG HEE(2008). Structural nonrepresentational Design of a Tall Building in Asan using the Diagrid System, CTBUH eighth World Congress, 2008.\r\nDiagrid\r\nDIAGRID : THE LANGUAGE OF MODERN DAY BUILDER ABSTRACT Design and construction of artificial infrastructure on the lines of  biomimicking principles requires the development of highly advanced structural systems which has the qualities of aesthetic expression, structural efficiency and most importantly geometric versatility. Diagrids, the latest mutation of tubular structures, have an optimum combination of the above qualities. In this paper, the peculiarities of the Diagrid, its structural behavior under loading and the design and construction of diagrid nodes are described.A case study of some recent diagrid tall buildings, namely the Swiss Re Building in London, the Hearst Tower in New York, and the West Guangzhou Tower in china is also presented. CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 2. THE TRIANGULAR DIAGRID MODULE 2. 1         INTRODUCTION 2. 2          MODULE GEOMETRY 3. STRUCTURAL   ACTION OF A DIAGRID MODULE 3. 1       EFFECT OF GRAVITY LOADING 3. 2       EFFECT OF LATERAL LOADING 3. 3       EFFECT OF SHEAR LOADING 3. 4       EFFECT OF NON-APEX LOADING 3. 5 EFFECT OF HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL CURVATURE UNDER VERTICAL LOADING 3.       EFFECT OF HORIZONTAL CURVATURE UNDER HORIZONTAL LOADING 4. DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF DIAGRID NODES 4. 1             Â  Â Â MATERIALS  USED FOR DIAGRIDS 4. 2                 DIAGRID NODE DESIGN 4. 3                NODE CONSTRUCTION FOR DIAGRID STRUCTURES 4. 4                ERECTION OF DIAGRID NODES 5. CASE STUDIES 5. 1           SWISS RE BUILDING 5. 2          HEARST TOWER 5. 3          GUANGZHOU WEST TOWER 6. MERITS AND DEMERITS OF DIAGRIDS 6. 1    MERITS OF DIAGRIDS 6. 2                DEMERITS OF DIAGRIDS                7. CONCLUSION CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTIONThe Diagrids are perimeter structural configurations characterized by a narrow grid of diagonal members which are involved both in gravity and in lateral load resistance. Diagonalized applica tions of structural steel members for providing efficient solutions both in terms of strength and stiffness are not  new ,however nowadays a renewed interest in and a widespread application of diagrid is registered with reference to large span and high rise buildings, particularly when they are characterized by complex geometries and curved shapes, sometimes by completely free forms.Compared to conventional orthogonal structures for tall buildings such as framed tubes, diagrid structures carry lateral wind loads much more efficiently by their diagonal members’ axial action. ;                Among the large-span buildings some examples are represented by the Seatlle Library, the London City Hall, the One Shelley Street in Sydney, and more recently by several outstanding Pavilions realized at the Shanghai 2010 Expo, (e. g. France, UAE) as well as by some dazzling projects like the Astana National library.Among tall buildings, notewor thy examples are the Swiss Re building in London, the Hearst tower in New York, the CCTV headquarters building in Beijing, the Mode Gakuen Spiral Tower in Aichi, the Cyclone Tower in Asan, the West tower in Guangzhou, the Lotte super tower in Seoul, the Capital Gate in Abu Dhabi, the Bow project in Calgary, the Building of Qatar Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Doha. .            The diagrid systems are the evolution of braced tube structures, since the erimeter configuration still holds for preserving the maximum bending resistance and rigidity, while, with respect to the braced tube, the mega-diagonal members are diffusely spread over the facade, giving rise to closely spaced diagonal elements and allowing for the complete elimination of the conventional vertical columns. Therefore the diagonal members in diagrid structures act both as inclined columns and as bracing elements, and carry gravity loads as well as lateral forces due to their triangulate d configuration, mainly internal axial forces arise in the members, thus minimizing shear racking effects.To begin with the behavior of basic Diagrid   module is   discussed, followed by construction process. Then the merits and demerits of  Diagrids are listed. CHAPTER-2 THE TRIANGULAR DIAGRID MODULE 2. 1   INTRODUCTION Diagrid structure is modeled as a beam, and subdivided longitudinally into modules according to this repetitive diagonal pattern. Each Diagrid module is defined by a single level of diagonals that extend over ‘n’ stories. | Figure 1: 8 storey Diagrid with 60 degree diagonal angle| 2. 2 MODULE GEOMETRYDiagrid structures, like all the tubular configurations, utilize the overall building plan dimension for counteracting overturning moment and providing flexural rigidity through axial action in the diagonals, which acts as inclined columns; however, this potential bending efficiency of tubular configuration is never fully achievable, due to shear deformations that arise in the building â€Å"webs”; with this regard, diagrid systems, which provide shear resistance and rigidity by means of axial action in the diagonal members, rather than bending moment in beams and columns, allows for a nearly full exploitation of the theoretical bending resistance. Being the diagrid a triangulated configuration of structural members, the geometry of the single module plays a major role in the internal axial force distribution, as well as in conferring global shear and bending rigidity to the building structure. While a module angle equal to 35° ensures the maximum shear rigidity to the diagrid system, the maximum engagement of diagonal members for bending stiffness corresponds to an angle value of 90°, i. e. vertical columns.Thus in diagrid systems, where vertical columns are completely eliminated and both shear and bending stiffness must be provided by diagonals, a balance between this two conflicting requirements should be searched for defining the optimal angle of the diagrid module. Usually Isosceles triangular geometry is used. i. OPTIMAL ANGLE: As in the diagrids, diagonals carry both shear and moment. Thus, the optimal angle of diagonals is highly dependent upon the building height. Since the optimal angle of the columns for maximum bending rigidity is 90 degrees and that of the diagonals for maximum shear rigidity is about 35 degrees, it is expected that the optimal angle of diagonal members fordiagrid structures will fall between these angles and as the building height increases, the optimal angle also increases. Usually adopted range is 60 -70 degree. i. MODULE DIMENSIONS: ?   Height of the module:  It depends on the number of stories stacked per module. Usually 2 †6 stories are stacked per diagrid with average floor height varying from 3. 5 -4. 15 m on an average. ?   Base of the module:  It depends on the height and optima l angle (apex angle) of the diagrid. CHAPTER-3 STRUCTURAL   ACTION OF A DIAGRID MODULE 3. 1  EFFECT OF GRAVITY LOADING The diagrid module under gravity loads G is subjected to a downward vertical force, NG,mod, causes the two diagonals being both in compression and the horizontal chord in tension. | Figure 2: Effect of Gravity Loading. | 3. 2    EFFECT OF LATERAL LOADINGUnder horizontal load W, the overturning moment MW causes vertical forces in the apex joint of The diagrid modules, NW,mod, with direction and intensity of this force depending on the position of the Diagrid module, with upward / downward direction and maximum intensity in modules located on the Windward / leeward facades, respectively, and gradually decreasing values in modules located on the Web sides . | Figure 3: Effect of Lateral Loading. | 3. 3  EFFECT OF SHEAR LOADING The global shear VW causes a horizontal force in the apex joint of the diagrid modules, Vw,mod, which intensity de pends on the position of the module with respect to the direction of wind load, i. e. the shear force VW is mainly absorbed by the modules located on the web facades, i. e. parallel to the load direction . | Figure 4: Effect of Shear Loading| 3. 4  EFFECT OF NON-APEX LOADINGFor deriving internal forces in the diagrid elements, it has been implicitly assumed that the external load is transferred to the diagrid module only at the apex node of the module itself. However, since the triangle module usually expands over a certain number of stories, transfer of loads to the module occurs at every floor level, thus also concentrated loads along the diagonal length are present ; as a consequence, bending moment and shear force are expected due to this load condition. However the introduction of a horizontal member at each floor girder to diagonal intersection allows for the absorption of the force component orthogonal to the diagonal direction, thus preserving the prevailing axial f orce condition. | Figure 5: Effect of non-apex loading. | 3.   EFFECT OF HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL CURVATURE UNDER VERTICAL LOADING                                                                                                                          The above simplified analysis of the diagrid module has been carried out implicitly assuming that the plane of the triangular module coincides with the vertical plane; however, recent Applications often concern buildings characterized by curvilinear, non prismatic forms, which require the study of the diagrid curvature effect on the internal force distribution. In particular, by c onsidering that the single module may be inclined of an angle  with respect to the vertical direction, the effect of   both gravity loads and overturning moment gives rise to an additional horizontal force, in the direction Orthogonal to the module plane.Therefore the chords of the diagrid modules, continuously connected Each other along the building perimeter at the diagonal intersections, also act as hopping elements or Ring beams, for absorbing these horizontal forces. | Figure 6: Effect of vertical and horizontal curvature. | 3. 6  EFFECT OF HORIZONTAL CURVATURE UNDER HORIZONTAL LOADING When the building has a nonrectangular, rounded plans, similar effects due to this horizontal curvature develop under the action of Lateral shear, and the ring beams also collect these outward forces arising in the horizontal plane. | Figure 7: Effect of horizontal curvature. | 4. 1    MATERIALS  USED FOR DIAGRIDDS: Material selection for a Diagrid construct ion is based on the following factors . They are: a)   Unit weight of the material. b)   Availability of the material. )   Lead Time. d)   Erection Time. e)   Flexibility. f)  Durability. g)   Labor cost. h)  Fire resistance. The basic materials used in Diagrid construction are Steel, Concrete and Wood. The relative merits and demerits of using them are discussed below. I. STEEL : Steel is by far the most popular material for Diagrid constructions. The typical steel sections used are Wide flanges, Rectangular HSS and Round HSS. ? Steel Wide Flanges: Advantages- The weight and Size of wide flanges are optimized to resist the high bending loads many of the members experience. Thus use of wide flanges results in reduced structure weight and flexibility of size.The sections can be prefabricated in multi-panel sections, allowing quick erection by crane, reducing labor costs in the field. Disadvantages- Pre-fabrica tion of the Diagrid sections takes a longer lead time. ? Rectangular and Round HSS: Advantages- As with wide flanges, HSS sections can be prefabricated in multi-panel sections, allowing quick erection time, also reducing labor costs in the field. Disadvantages- Use of HSS sections will need a change in floor layouts as the beams will need to frame into the node points. This reduces the floor flexibility and efficiency. II. CONCRETE: Concrete is another widespread material for Diagrid constructions.It is used both in Precast and Cast-in-situ forms. ? Precast concrete: Advantages-The flexibility of precast sections allows them to fit to the complex building geometries. Concrete also offers extreme safety against structural fire damage. Disadvantages- The use of Concrete increases the dead load on the foundations, deflections of long spans, etc. Creep in concrete is also an issue. ? Cast-in-situ Concrete: Under an Efficient material management system, cast-in-situ concrete is the best material in terms of material cost. Lead time is virtually nothing as cast-in-situ is available on demand. III. TIMBER: Timber is the least popular material for Diagrid constructions.Advantages- Multi-panel sections can reduce erection time and labor cost. Disadvantages â€ Timber cost, both for material and connection, are much higher than the traditional structural materials of steel and concrete. Owing to its lesser material strength, the member sizes would be very large and hence is not preferred for major construction works. Durability and weathering of timber are other major issues. 4. 2 DIAGRID NODE DESIGN | Figure 8: Load path at Node| The diagrid segments are planned to minimize onsite butt welding and the welding locations illustrated in Figure 9. The load path can be divided into two main scenarios, vertical load and horizontal shear their combination), as shown in Figure 8.The vertical load will be transferred in the form of an axial load from the dia grid members above the node to the gusset plate and stiffeners, then to the diagrid members below the nodes as shown. The horizontal shear will be in the form of axial loads in the diagrid members above the node with one in compression and one in tension to the gusset plate and stiffeners. The force will then be transferred as shear force in the gusset plate and then to the other pair of tensile and compressive forces on the diagrid members below the node. From this load path, the shear force at the location of bolt connections is high under lateral loads. Because this may create weak points at the node particularly during earthquakes, the strength of the bolts should be designed carefully. | Figure 9: Node Design Plan| 4.    NODE CONSTRUCTION FOR DIAGRID STRUCTURES Constructability is a serious issue in diagrid structures because the joints of diagrid structures are more complicated and tend to be more expensive than those of conventional orthogonal structures. In or der to reduce jobsite work, prefabrication of nodal elements is essential. Due to the triangular configuration of the diagrid structural system, rigid connections are not necessary at the nodes, and pin connections using bolts can be made more conveniently at the jobsite. If considerately designed using appropriate prefabrication strategy, constructability will not be such a limiting factor of the diagrid structures.Prefabrication of diagrid nodes for conventional rectangular shape buildings can be done relatively easily and economically because many nodes of the same configuration are required in this case. The Hearst Headquarters in New York is the typical case. | Figure 10: Node detail for the Hearst Tower | The prefabricated nodes are connected to the large built-up diagonal members by bolts at the jobsite. As building form becomes more irregular, generating appropriate construction modules is critical for better constructability. Though it is possible to produce any compl ex shape construction module using today’s CAD/CAM technology, it is not the most economical solution. Extracting regularity from an irregular building form, and then adjusting the building form following the extracted regularity could be one approach.Another approach could be to make the construction modules relatively regular and design universal connections so that they can accommodate any irregularity. | Figure 11: A Diagrid node after fabrication| 4. 4ERECTION OF DIAGRID NODES During construction, the stability in the in-plane direction can be provided by the modules themselves and in the out-of-plane direction can be provided by the tie beams at the node. The temporary restraint to the diagrid and the construction may be minimized. The various steps in the Diagrid erection process include : ? In-place steel shop welding ?  Lifting up piece by piece. ?  Trial shop assembly of parts with high strength bolts. ?   In-place welding. ?   High strength bolts assembly. ?   Setting up perimeter girders |Figure 12: Construction Plan of Diagrid | | Figure 13: Diagrid Erection Process| CHAPTER-5 CASE STUDIES 5. 1  SWISS RE BUILDING | Figure 14: Swiss Re Building, London| 30 St. Mary Axe †also known as the Swiss Re Building †in London, is the first modern application and the most representative example of diagrid structure. Designed by Sir Norman Foster, with 40 stories  and an inter-story height of 4. 15 m, the tower is 180 meters tall. The building is circular in plan with diameter changing along elevation, equal to 56 m at its widest point, at the 20 story, reducing to 49 m at ground level, and to 30 m at the 38 level, where a steel and glass dome tops off the building.The diagrid structure is generated by a pattern of intersecting diagonals which follow the helical path of the so called light wells, created for enforcing natural light and air circulation. It is formed by a series o f steel triangles, two-story high and 9 m wide, with an intermediate tie connecting the two diagonals, which gives to the module the aspect of a â€Å"A-shape frame”. The diagonals are CHS members, with cross section between 508 x 40 mm at the lowest floors and 273 x 12. 5 mm at the top, while the chord members have RHS, 250 x 300 mm with wall thickness of 25mm. The circular central core, which has constant diameter along elevation, does not contribute to the lateral resistance and rigidity, being a simple frame structure. 5. 2 HEARST TOWERThe Hearst Tower in New York was designed by Sir Norman Foster; the building, 46 stories and 183 meters tall, has a prismatic form and a rectangular floor plan, 48 x 37m and is built on an existent 6 storey building. The diagrid structure, creating the characteristic â€Å"diamond effect” in the facade, rises from 12 composite columns, which reach the tenth floor starting from the ground level. The diagrid module is 12. 25 m wi de and 16. 54 m high, and covers four stories. The diagonal cross section are I shape, with maximum size W14x370 at the base of the diagrid (tenth level),  while the megacolumns between the tenth and the ground level are concrete filled box section 1100 x 1100 x 10m. | Figure 15: The Hearst Tower, New York. | 5. 3 GUANGZHOU WEST TOWERThe Guangzhou West Tower, designed by Wilkinson Eyre architects, London with 103 stories and a height of 440m, is the tallest building in China and one of the tallest in the world. The building has a curvilinear shape along elevation and the floor plate is an equilateral triangle with round-corners, with side 65 m at the base, increasing to a maximum value of  65 m at approximately 1/3 of the way up the building, at which point the side begins to reduce, up to 43. 5 m at the top. It has a composite structure, made by a central concrete core and perimeter diagrid structure, with the diagrid module expanding on six stories, 12. 4 m wide and 24 . 8 m high. The diagonals are steel tubular members filled by concrete (CFST), with size ranging between 1080 x 55 mm at the first floor and 700 x 20mm at the top.The concrete core has a triangle shape with chamfered corners and fully participates to the lateral resistance up to the seventh floor, where it is eliminated, leaving place to a central giant atrium for the hotel which occupies the upper floors. | Figure 16:  Guangzhou West Tower, China| CHAPTER-6 MERITS AND DEMERITS OF DIAGRIDS 6. 1     MERITS OF DIAGRIDS: Some major benefits of using Diagrids in structures are discussed below. 1)   The Diagrid structures besides the service core have mostly column free exterior and interior, hence   free and clear, unique floor plans are Possible. 2)  The Glass facades and dearth of interior columns allow generous amounts of day lighting into the structure. 3)   The use of Diagrids results in roughly 1/5th(20%) reduction in steel as com pared to Braced frame structures. )   The construction techniques involved are simple, yet they need to be perfect. 5)   The Diagrids makes maximum exploitation of the structural Material. 6)  The diagrid Structures are aesthetically dominant and expressive. 7)  Redundancy in the DiaGrid design is obvious. It is this redundancy then that can transfer load from a failed portion of the structure to another. Skyscraper structural failure, as it is such an important/ prominent topic, can be minimized in a DiaGrid design A DiaGrid has better ability to redistribute load than a Moment Frame skyscraper. Thus creating a deserved appeal for the DiaGrid in today’s landscape of building. 6.       DEMERITS OF DIAGRIDS: Some demerits of using Diagrids are mentioned below: 1)  As of yet, the Diagrid Construction techniques are not  thoroughly explored. 2)  Lack of availability of skilled workers . Construction crews  have li ttle or no experience   creating a DiaGrid skyscraper. 3)   The DiaGrid can dominate aesthetically, which can be an issue depending upon design intent. 4)  It is hard to design windows that create a regular language from floor to floor. 5)  The DiaGrid is heavy-handed ( can be clumsy or unstable) if not executed properly. CHAPTER -7 CONCLUSION We are at a time when the global population is inching the 7 billion mark.Around the globe we witness frequent recurrence of natural calamities, depletion and degradation of vital life supporting systems, all presumed to be the impacts of Global warming, making life miserable on earth. It is high time for humanity to switch to sustainable and eco-friendly lines of infrastructure development. The construction industry, the greatest contributor to green house emissions, has the moral obligation to play the lead. The most stable and sustainable of ecosystems is the natural ecosystems. Attainment of sustainability goals wou ld require sound knowledge and understanding of nature’s mechanisms and modeling of all artificial infrastructure in close resemblance to it.Owing to the complexity due to size and geometry of the natural systems, development of artificial infrastructure on the lines of biomimicking principles, is in fact the greatest challenge the modern day builder would have to confront with. Thus a modern day structural system should have extreme efficiency in terms of strength, expression, and geometric versatility. Most of the present structural systems are highly advanced in terms of structural efficiency and aesthetic quality, but lacks the much needed geometric versatility. As we have seen, the diagrids, the latest mutation of tubular structures, has in addition to strength and aesthetics, that extra quality of geometric versatility, making it the most suited structural system to this respect.Thus the diagrid, with an optimal combination of qualities of aesthetic expression, structur al efficiency and geometric versatility is indeed the language of the modern day builder. REFERENCES 1. MOON, K. , CONNOR, J. J. and FERNANDEZ, J. E. (2007). Diagrid Structural Systems for Tall Buildings: Characteristics and Methodology for Preliminary Design, The Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings, Vol. 16. 2, pp 205-230. 2. MAURIZIO TORENO (2011). An overview on diagrid structures for tall buildings, Structural Engineers World Congress 2011. 3. KIM JONG SOO, KIM YOUNG SIK, LHO SEUNG HEE(2008). Structural Schematic Design of a Tall Building in Asan using the Diagrid System, CTBUH 8th World Congress, 2008.\r\n'

'Relevance of Swami Vivekananda’s Thoughts in Management Education\r'

'Management cultivation is a great beneficiary of Indian economic reform, where renewing from state controlled market to free market is imp seasontive. In India, MBA degree has been perceived as a substance of achieving assured c beers and sound wages at aboriginal stage of life. The ambition of Indian y f altogether outh now is to get a job in the business, industrial or service sectors and settle d aver hygienic as early as possible. No doubtfulness charge program line is needed an infusion of schoolmaster ability that the given value to nightclub is equally important.\r\nUnfortunately, Management education in India has been so distorted and diluted in its execution as to lose nearly all the amicable intent. In whole spectrum, the role of intuition, value and social erudition gets short shrift in the Management education. Emphasis is just on the cognition content, on which exami domain is conducted. each other useful knowledge areas and skills are immensely neglected . Like spiritual knowledge does non hear an appropriate place in the curriculum. Therefore students puzzle no opportunity to know about their faith, finish and values.\r\nThe knowledge they gain is mainly bookish and is not backed by practical experience. About a century ago, Swami Vivekananda had envisioned a vision on education and had categorically pointed out that true education is not the amount of information that is put into ones brain. The forgiving question is not a bottomless juiceless well, which has to be filled in with buckets of information by the teacher. He had said that education has more to do with assimilation of ideas and developing ‘a school principal of the analogous material as that of which the thunderbolt is made.\r\nHe suggested, was to be done with the help of ‘Western science match with Vedanta … and faith in ones own Self. What type of management education go out provide this enlightenment? concord to Swamiji, ‘The tra ining by which the current and expression of will are brought under control and be go on rich is called education. He wanted a man-making education ‘by which character is formed, strength of mind is increased, the intellect is expanded, and by which one can stand on ones own feet.\r\nSwamiji emphasized need of following points in education system. * Role of teacher * Spirituality * Accessibility of knowledge * Plural attitude Role of teacher some(prenominal) the teacher and the student are active participants in the teaching-learning process. The teacher should look upon the student not as a mere physical being but as a documentation and dynamic mind that struggling to manifest the light of the infinite soul. The teacher should facilitate this process of self-discovery.\r\nTeacher should not strain to fill the mind with information and knowledge only. quite he should attempt to unfold the creativity deep down by stimulating and strengthening the mind. The teacher has to conservatively nurture the conviction and faith in the mind of the students. Needless to say, teacher requires faith, patience, perseverance and firm conviction. This nonpareil of faith in oneself, or Atmashraddha, would be greatest gift of a teacher to the student. Spirituality Swami Vivekananda brings this out very clearly in his immortal works. He said: If there is some(prenominal) land on this earth that can lay claim to be the blessed Punya Bhumi … the land where humanity has attained its highest towards gentleness, towards generosity, towards purity, towards calmness, in a higher place all, the land of introspection and of spiritualityâ€it is India. … the Indian campaign neer stood for wealth. Although they acquired immense wealth, perhaps more than any other nation ever acquired, yet the nation did not stand for wealth. It was a powerful black market for ages, yet we find that that nation never stood for power, never went out of the country to conquer.\r\ nQuite content indoors their own boundaries, they never fought anybody. The Indian nation never stood for imperial glory. Wealth and power, then, were not the ideals of the race â€Å". Swami Ji enlightened that human peace and happiness depends not on the wealth they possess, or the power they wield, or the scholarship they have acquired, but by living a life of renunciation and having the awareness that they are part of the entire universe and that all symbolise one family, V asudhaiva Kutumbakam. Accessibility of Knowledge Swami Ji emphasized on accessibility of education . He said: If the mountain does not come to Mohammed, Mohammed essential(prenominal) go to the mountain. If the poor cannot come to education, education mustiness reach them at the plough, in the factory, everywhere. How? You have seen my brethren. instantaneously I can get hundreds of such [all-renouncing sannyasins], all over India, unselfish, good, and educated. Let these men go from closure to villag e bringing not only piety to the door of everyone but also education”. Students must also be educated about the social worldâ€the nature of the society he lives in, the laws that go by it, and the culture it has evolved.\r\nPlural Attitude In era of globalization people are coming approximate than ever to each other. People of different languages, beliefs, spiritual faiths, political convictions and ways of life have come to live closely. Everyone has a right to his way of life. dogmatism and bigotry have no place in globalized world. Therefore management education must grain these qualities in students. Thus, Swami Jis thoughts on education are uniform an ocean. The more we ponder the more we get. We have to absorb the ideas of Swami ji with a deep sense of loyalty to achieve objectives of education.\r\n'

'Conflicting Perspectives Essay\r'

'â€Å"An important outcome of canvass this elective is the realisation that all representations of lieus argon intentional to provoke an intended response. ” To what extent does this statement continue to your study of at least integrity of Hughes’ poems and one related textbook of your own choosing? In about texts authors have the intention to evoke a ain understanding in the audience. However, the personal experience varies among from each one individual creating encroaching ways in response to a text. These responses to the messages from the authors are shaped done personal experience and values of the individual.\r\nThe notion of conflict at bottom perspectives is evident in â€Å"Birthday letter” by Ted Hughes especially in the poems â€Å"Fulbright Scholars” and â€Å"surface-to-air missile” as well as in Michel Gondry’s scud â€Å"Eternal Sunshine of the clear Mind. ” The conflict within stock and tie-ins blac k markets to a representation of their conflict in perspectives. The nature and strength of memories is to some extent inseparable in relation to returns, situations and people.\r\nHughes proves this idea of selective computer storage through and through the use of rhetorical questions asked in his graduation exercise poem Fulbright Scholars such as â€Å"where was it, in the chemical chain? ” and â€Å"was it when I bought a peach? These questions are conclusion of his disordered memory. Hughes perspective of Plath is somewhat subjective as he remembers vague details of particular moments and her â€Å"veronica Lake bangs. ” In his second poem â€Å"Sam” depicts the alike(p) events as Plath’s poem â€Å"Whiteness I remember” but envisioning his conflicting variant of Plath’s memory.\r\nThe two poems prove conflicting ideas through the tempo of the first paragraphs and Hughes ongoing use of caesura. Although Plath interprets the ev ent to be a â€Å"great run” and â€Å" lofty as the roofs” conflicting this idea Hughes describes it as precarious and Plath having â€Å"lost (her) stirrups. The text â€Å"Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind” proves memory to be a selective sense; the temper Joel displays merely a memory of selective moments, objects and feelings of his past relationship with Clementine. The key motifs are birthday presents and certain outings. The fallibility of memory can lead the distortion of connections mingled with memory and reality. The author intends to shape a particular emotional response to the text that is represented through a connection between the audience and their perspective of the text.\r\nThe connection between the perspectives in â€Å"Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind” show the author is being balanced and unbiased. The perspectives of both the character is shown equally to the audience, forcing and internal response in each individual . In â€Å"Fulbright Scholars” Hughes repetitively uses â€Å"you” to simultaneously speak to Plath as well as the audience, to create a to a greater extent intimate connection with the text. This continues into his next poem â€Å"Sam” alongside alliteration and assonance in the origin â€Å"horribly hard, swift river” increasing the intensity for the audience.\r\nIn the final stanza Hughes personifies Sam as himself, and positions the audience as Plath. In the line â€Å"you strangled me” he uses accusing language to come on an emotional response and connection from his audience, which relates back to the publics perceptions of him during this time. It is clear that all authors create their texts to gain a reflection the audience towards the text. Each text is a representation of the author’s perspective response to their memory, creating an emotional connection to their audience, which provokes an internal response. The connections do are used to intensify a answer within each individual.\r\n'

'Vinland Saga’s\r'

'VINLAND SAGAS: THE prosecution TO NORTH AMERICA BY: KAMALJOT BRAR 5206404 HISTORY 1F90 watchful FOR: AARON RODENBURG 3, THURSDAY, 1000-1100 DUE: OCTOBER 11th 2012, SUBMIT: OCTOBER 11th 2012 A saga is described to be a short explanation with historical significance that summarizes in detail events that took aim during a certain period of season. In legal injury of Ancient Scandinavia and the Viking Age, sagas be stories of journeys of Vikings that include subjects like migration, battles, and family and inter-societal interactions.These sagas were pen by unknown authors well after(prenominal)ward the true events occurred. The Vinland Sagas translated by Keneva Kunz and edited by Gisli Sigurdsson includes ii counts of the Norse trip to northwards America; The Saga of the Greenlanders and Eirik the Red’s Saga. Both sagas service of process to describe the journey to nominate North America. However, each tell the prose in a different linear perspective. The di fferences amid the ii sagas include the sign accidental discovery of lands west of Greenland, the discovery of pitch Point, and the voyage by Thorvald.On the other hand in that respect were also akin aspects of the sagas that include the way the western lands were discovered and named, the story behind Leif and the postwrecked crew, and the length of the voyages. firearm both sagas ar detailing the events of the Icelandic migration to North America, they are not completely identical in the way the events are summarized. One difference between the cardinal sagas is the initial discovery of the lands to the west of Greenland. In The Saga of the Greenlanders, after Bjarni initially noticed the lands to the west, curiosity facing pages amongst the people of new lands.Leif was the first to venture to the western hemisphere in hopes to find the lands; he soon purchased Bjarni’s ship and led on a voyage of his own with fellow companions. 1 However, Eirik the Red’ s Saga records the initial discovery of the new lands by the voyage by Karlsefni and Gudrid who were accompanied by Freydis, Thorvard, Thorvald, and Thorhall. 2 This shows the diversity between the sagas and questions validity of who actually found and named the lands. The 1 number difference between the two accounts is the furrow of Keel Point.The first saga tells the reader after Thorvald’s ship was wrecked, he announced to his companions that the spot of this fateful event will be called Keel Point. 3 Instead, the second saga reveals that Keel Point was just some other put up of land named by Karlsefni and Gudrid’s voyage, after they witnessed seeing a keel of a gravy holder around that area. 4 This difference outlines the different perspective the writers had in the story, it forces bingle to question the meaning of that ship wreck. Another difference is the role of Thorvald, and how it differs between the two sagas.Thorvald in the first saga is seen more i ndependent as he leads his own voyage with his own companions after he thinks Leif did an inadequate job in exploring Vinland. 5 His role in the second saga is altered. He does not lead his own voyage, instead travels along with Karlsefni and Gudrid during their voyage to Vinland. 6 The less importance of Thorvald in the second saga makes historians believe that the writer of the first saga could tolerate been surrounding(prenominal) to Thorvald which gives him more of an image. Along with the differences, the sagas do have many an(prenominal) details of the voyages that can be closely comparable.In both the sagas the reader is told about the discovery of the lands west of Greenland by an accidental occurrence. The first saga describes Bjarni’s discovery of the lands to sink after his ship is blown off phone line to Greenland where he was going to meet with his father. 7 This is similar to the second saga where Leif finds Vinland by chance, when he is tossed about in the sea while on his way to Greenland to stretch Christianity. This allows one to validate the route taken by the voyagers to North America. Another similarity between the two accounts is the story about Leif and how he earned the knight Lucky.In the first saga, Leif comes across a group of marooned men 8 2 on a skerry and ends up rescuing fifteen of them. 9 This story is alike to the one from the second saga. Leif on his way to Greenland comes across a shipwreck, where he finds men in strike; he ends up taking them home and sheltering them during the winter. 10 Thus, he gains the nickname Leif the Lucky. This similarity not precisely shines light on Leif Eirikkson, but also helps to substantiate Leif’s voyage to Greenland, since both the accounts agree upon the event.The coda similarity is the close connection between the lengths of the voyages. During Leif’s voyage in the first saga it is said that the time pass at sea between one point to another was two days . From Markland to the discovery of Vinland it took Leif two days at sea. 11 Likewise in the second saga the voyage of Karlsefni and Gudrid had similar lengths to the voyage of Leif. identically to Leif, Karlsefni’s voyage from Markland to Vinland also took two days at sea. 12 Since both sagas describe the oyages to have taken the some amount of time, it allows historians to value this quotation in validating the discovery of the lands because there is no discrepancy between the length of time spent at sea. As a secondary denotation The Vinland Sagas prove to be a valuable piece of history. Not only because the sagas are the only account available from the 11th and 12th century, but that the accounts together help to piece together the voyages made by the Vikings to America. Together the sagas compliment each other because they help to give different perspective of the Vikings discovery.Since there are many similarities between the two, it allows historians to infer that t he sagas truly are factual pieces of evidence to the past. They are also serious because it removes the stereotype of the Vikings being nothing but slender savages. It shows that the Vikings were successful pioneers and made profound discoveries 3 In conclusion the sagas hold both differences and similarities. The differences they had was the person who initially had discovered and named the new found land, the origin of the maculation called Keel Point, and the role of Thorvald as a voyager.In crease the similarities they held included the naming and way the lands were discovered, Leif’s spirit of being Lucky, and the identical travel time on sea. Although the sagas may fluctuate with the differences and similarities, this source of history is let off very feasible and valuable when looking ski binding to the 11th and 12th century during the Viking Age. 4 Notes 1. Gisli Sigurdsson, â€Å"The Saga of the Greenlanders” In The Vinland Sagas, trans. Keneva Kunz (ca pital of the United Kingdom: Penguin, 2008), 5-7. 2. Gisli Sigurdsson, â€Å"Eirik the Red’s Saga” In The Vinland Sagas, trans. Keneva Kunz (London: Penguin, 2008), 40-41. . Sigurdsson, Greenlanders, 10. 4. Sigurdsson, Eirik the Red, 41. 5. Sigurdsson, Greenlanders, 9-10. 6. Sigurdsson, Eirik the Red, 40. 7. Sigurdsson, Greenlanders, 4. 8. Sigurdsson, Eirik the Red, 34-35. 9. Sigurdsson, Greenlanders, 8-9. 10. Sigurdsson, Eirik the Red, 35. 11. Sigurdsson, Greenlanders, 6. 12. Sigurdsson, Eirik the Red, 41. 5 Bibliography Sigurdsson, Gisli. â€Å"Eirik the Reds Saga. ” In The Vinland Sagas. Translated by Keneva Kunz London: Penguin, 2008. 23-51. Sigurdsson, Gisli. â€Å"The Saga of the Greenlanders . ” In The Vinland Sagas. Translated by Keneva Kunz London: Penguin, 2008. 1-23. 6\r\n'

'Existentialism and Film Noir Essay\r'

'Existentialism and its world facet are believed to shed derived from Nietzsche’s provocative and controversial line â€Å"God is dead”. The underlying meaning to Nietzsche’s controversial statement is that empirical natural wisdom has replaced metaphysical explanations of the world. As a result of this, tally to Nietzsche we no longer have any(prenominal) awareness of who and what we are as human beings. He concludes that no foundation exists anymore for the meaning and value of things. Nietzsche’s philosophy shines light on what hit noir is. That is, an exquisite answer to, or recognition of, this alteration in our understanding of the world.\r\nTo emphasize the existentialist attitude in dissipate noir, various stylistic and thematic techniques are mappingd. Common techniques or characteristics of film noir that we see in both The Maltese Falcon and The Killers include: original or non-classical report patterns, opposition of light and shadow, disorientation of the viewer, incoherent plot lines, inversion of traditional determine and its corresponding moral ambivalence, non-chronological ordering of events, and characters whose actions are not motivated or understandable in any rational way.\r\nThe similarities of characteristics between existentialism and film noir are prominent; for modeling, Siodmak and Huston distinguish the alienation and disorientation of a post-Nietzschean world, one without transcendent meaning or value. The unremitting opposition of light and shadow as seen in The Maltese Falcon and The Killers, helps communicate the deplorable characteristics of a post-Nietzschean world. For instance, when the swede peacefully awaits his assassins, we get a sensation datum of estrangement and lack of esthesis and meaning.\r\nThis lack of sense and meaning is further emphasized when the room goes dark and you see him from the neck down in light, still the face is in total shadow. A sense of despa ir is created through this camera technique by showing that no one else is in the room, going away him hopeless to escape. A common characteristic of film noir that we see in both The Maltese Falcon, and The Killers, is the subroutine of unconventional or non-classical narrative patterns. The lend oneself of non-classical narrative patterns emphasizes the cynical characteristics of a post-Nietzschean world.\r\nFor instance, in The Maltese Falcon, girl shame Wonderly initially claims to Spade and Archer to be searching for her sister, however her true intentions were to implicate Thursby her casteless accomplice by killing Archer. Miss Ruth Wonderly’s contemptuous behavior coincides with the pessimistic view about the nature and purpose of human life. Non-classical patterns are established through various stylistic techniques. such as the non-chronological ordering of events, often achieved through flashbacks. An example of this technique is seen in The Killers, when fla shbacks are used to split the story star(p) up to Ole Andersen’s death.\r\nThe use of flashbacks and complicated sometimes-incoherent plot lines, as in The Maltese Falcon, are examples of the stylistic techniques that are used in film noir to communicate the mood and sensibility. A utmost common technique that is used in film noir is portraying characters whose actions are not motivated or understandable in any rational way. For example, wherefore does Miss Wonderly lie about her name and documentary in the beginning of The Maltese Falcon when she is accredited to get caught at some point? By portraying the characters in this manner, Huston leaves the viewer with unanswered questions, leading to the disorientation of the viewer.\r\nIt has been argued that film noir cannot be defined, therefore has no essential characteristics. That being said, considering noir as a response to the death of god helps explain the commonality of elements that philosophers have recognized i n noir films. Moreover, the directors of The Maltese Falcon and The Killers use of thematic and stylistic characteristics in their films make them twain of the best examples of film noir. They clearly depict a world of the post-Nietzschean period in their films, that is one of despair, alienation, and paranoia, which is fundamentally an existential attitude towards life.\r\n'

'Nursing Physical Assessment\r'

'strong-arm judgment Lab 120-103 1. General Survey ! level?! Awake & Alert a. Orientation to person, sic, time? b. magnate to Communicate in full sentences with cl spike heel patois? c. Posture: up the right way and erect, shoulders level and symmetrical? d. individual(prenominal) Hygiene: Clean & neat, no odor, dresses appropriately for the weather. 2. integumentary System: a. Color: Uniform color †criticize, tan, br own, olive. slimly darker on exposed areas. There are usually no areas of bleeding, ecchymosis, or increased vascularity. No flake off lesions should be present except for freckles, birthmarks, or moles, which may be flat or elevated. . Temperature: Warm and wry bilaterally. Hands and feet may be slightly ice chest than the rest of the body. strip down surfaces should be non lovesome. ( aim rump of both(prenominal) progresss on forbearing’s forearms) c. Textures: Skin should feel soft/fine or harsh/thick. d. Turgor: When the skin is released, it should instantly recoil, no tenting. Best luff to assess: Ant. ?chest or abdomen. **Verbalize: I will blend the integumentary system passim the rest of the visitation through checking and observing. 3. Head, Face, Neck a. cranium: The bearing should be normocephalic, midline, and symmetrical.? . Scalp: The scalp should be exsanguinous to light brown, promising, sacrosanct, and with emerge lesions or masses, flaking, or pidiculi (lice)? c. pilus: Pale blonde to black, thick or thin, permed or straight, coarse or fine, shiny or dull.? d. Frontal Maxillary Sin maps: Should be non real and non tender (must ask â€Å"did that hurt? ”) e. Cervical Lymph Nodes: Should be non evident and non tender, non visible or inflamed. (Preauricular, postauricular, occipital, submental, submandibular, tonsillar, anterior cervical chain, seat cervical chain, supraclavicular. e. Best place to assess: Ant. Chest or abdomen. **Verbalize: I will integrate the integumen tary system throughout the rest of the exam through checking and observing. Physical Assessment Lab 120-103 f. carotid Artery: Has visible pulsation (should be in front of the sternocleidomastoid brawn), palpable bilaterally (not at the same time!!! ), no bruits (soft blowing or wooshing phonate from constriction of plaque) g. Temporal Artery: Should be palpable and mate bilaterally h. TMJ: Glides smoothly, no clicking or crepitus. i. windpipe: Midline, Thyroid: non palpable, non tender (ask) j.Neck: ROM & Muscle military unit: Stand behind the patient, touch the mentum to the chest, shade up at the ? ceiling, sack each ear to shoulder (without elevating the shoulder), turn head to each berth to look at the shoulder. The Cervical spine’s alignment is straight, the head is held erect. Normal musculus effect allows for full, complete, voluntary joint ROM against both staidness and moderate to full resistance. Muscle strength is equal bilaterally. There is no obse rved involuntary muscle movement. Say: â€Å"full active ROM with no restrictions” k.Thyroid: Palpation: have the patient lower the chin slightly in order to relax make do muscles. Place your thumbs on the back of the patient’s know and bring the other fingers around the neck anteriorly to rest their leads oer the trachea on the lower portion of the neck. Move the finger pads over the tracheal rings. Gently move trachea over to the attitude, then have patient swallow. Feel for all consistency, nodularity, or tenderness. 4. Eyes? a. Eyelids: Palpebral Fissure are symmetrical, no ptosis or lid lag.? b. Lacrimal Glands: Pale pink, patent, no excessive tearing, dryness, drainage, or edema.? . Eyelashes: Evenly distributed no ectropion no entropion.? d. Eyebrows: Even and equally bilateral? e. Conjunctiva: clear, pink, moist, without lesions? f. Sclera: white & intact? g. Cornea: Surface should be moist and shiny and without discharge, cloudiness, opacity, and ir regularity.? h. Iris: round, symmetrical, and colored: green, blue, brown, hazel, violet, h wizardy, etc.? i. Pupils: PERRLA (Pupils are Equal, Round, antiphonal to clear-cut and Accommodation) Check pupil reflexes. check in two ways each eye, direct/consensual, then bring penlight toward snoot to assess for accommodation. . Ears? a. Pinna: Non tender, symmetrical bilaterally, without lesions or masses, (top of pinna should always be equal to outer bay windowthus) †finger simultaneously? b. Tragus: non tender, without lesions? c. Mastoid Process (piece of bone deficient posterior ear): non tender, no swelling, equal bilaterally (if one is different, ask for how foresighted)? d. Tympanic Membrane: Pearly gray, shiny, intact (sometimes will see some white-cottage cheese spirit bumps = scarring) MAKE SURE TO CHANGE SPECULUM BTWN EARS FOR PRACTICUM Adult: whirl back and up, look anterior.Child pull down) **know how to use equiptment!! Instructors/proctors look for this!!! *** e. Umbo: (Part of the Stapes) Make sure this is present, Protruding = dehydrated, non present = fluid behind eardrum. f. Cone of Light: Tiny triangle anterior inferior on tympanic membrane = healthy. 5:00 on the right ear, 7:00 on the left ear. Physical Assessment Lab 120-103 6. Nose? a. Nares: patent, have patient obturate one nostril and gently blow out air on back of hand to test patency. Mucosa: pink, moist, without lesions, edema, drainage? b. Septum: without deviation.Best was to assess is to push tip of nose up †shows if deviation is present. ! ***If nares are pink = allergies. If nares are bright red = polar. Saline shortens cold as it washes it ! down to stomach, where stomach kills the virus. 7. Mouth/Lips? a. Lips: pink, moist, intact, without lesions? b. teething: 32 including 4 wisdom. White with good repair, without pit? c. Tongue: pink, moist, papillae intact, midline, full mobility (ask pt to stick diction out move left, right, up, down), without lesi ons? d. Oral Mucosa: pink, moist, without lesions (use spittle depressor muscle & penlight) no red, no swelling? . chewing gum: pink, moist, intact, no bleeding? f. Uvula: Midline, rises symmetrically with soft palate when patient says â€Å"Ahhh” If negligent patient will be sensitive to gagging. If long may be a sign of sleep apnea? g. Tonsils: Pink, symmetrical. They are graded from â€Å"absent †+4) +1 = peeking, +4 = kissing h. Hard/ loopy Palate: pink, intact. Soft palate is pinker than hard spell out: â€Å"What you would expect to see” If not, must state what you see. argon the eyelids covering the top of the iris? Always match OD to OS. First begin assessment with optic acuity.?Corneal Light Reflex: Shine penlight 12-15” off toward eyes (at midline) Should get right reflex in same position in each eye. If noninterchangeable they have strabismus (weak eye muscle) Ears: Use tune up fork? Weber Test: Hit on palm Hold at tip head (hairli ne) Should be able to hear equally in each ear. Rinne Test: hearing acuity. Hit prongs on palmar, put it on mastoid process until chiffonier’t hear it any longer, then move it to holding it in front of the ear canal. *** expression conduction should be twice as long as bone conduction*** Semicircular Canals: ascendency balance and equilibriumVertigo can be caused by a foreign body which has been dislodged and landed in semicircular canals. Native Americans and Asians can have â€Å"Torus Palantitis” looks homogeneous mountain ranges on palate this is a gracious condition. 8. Sensory Neuro (answer to most cranial nerve interrogatory is â€Å"intact”) *verbage: Physical Assessment Lab 120-103 a. friend †light touch, sharp/dull, intact? a. Upper Extremities †use cotton junkie, & sharp & dull aspects of broken applauder depressor use 3 spots: finger, back of hand, arm. * ! b. Abdominal Reflex * ! ! positive(p) or not present * ! . Lower Extremities †use cotton ball & sharp & dull sides of broken tongue depressor use 3 spots: toe, top of ! pluck, and shin.? b. deeply Tendon Reflexes †(smack deep tendons using flat side of hammer) *These are graded 0-4 â€Å"What you would expect to acquire +2/4”) ? a. Biceps †place thumb at patient’s elbow (antecubital) to hold their arm. Hit own thumb with the hammer. ?b. Triceps †hold patient’s muscle so patient’s arm can swing freely. Hit hammer above untrusting bone. ?c. Brachial Radialis †Hold pt’s hand then hit hammer midway btwn articulatio radiocarpea & antecubital. d.Patellar †Find tendon right above patellar bone, hit hammer on tendon? e. Achilles †well-nigh 2” above heel, support foot, relax leg. go out have plantar flexion.? f. Plantar or Babinski ?????????? = dread(a) brain damage â€Å"abduction”. So we say â€Å"Positive plantar ? flexion, no abduction” ??? ??????? we only expect to find in babies. How to test: use metal side of hammer and trace the outer margin of the foot and across top, under toes. ?babinski or ????????? f. Best place to assess: Ant. ?Chest or abdomen. **Verbalize: I will integrate the integumentary system throughout the rest of the exam through checking and observing.\r\n'